Computer system, memory operations currently take up 30% of execution time

Note: Please provide computations/justifications/explanations for each answer.

 

Simply stating an answer will earn no credit.

 

  1. In a computer system, memory operations currently take up 30% of execution time. A new gadget called a cache (i.e. an L1 cache) speeds-up 80% of the memory operations by a factor of 4.

 

  1. [2] What is the speed-up due to the cache?

 

  1. [3] A second new gadget called an L2 cache speeds-up half the remaining 20% of the memory operations by a factor of 2. What is the total speed-up with the L1 and L2 cache together?

 

Note: It is useful to draw pictures to solve this part of the problem

 

 

  1. (a) [4] In class, we examined an algorithm to generate the 2’sC of an integer (flip all bits; add 1). We also saw how any number in binary can be directly represented in hex. Putting the above two together, work out an algorithm that takes a number in hex and directly obtains its 2’sC representation in hex (e.g. 0xBEEF → 0x4111). Justify your answer – i.e. give reason(s) why your algorithm works correctly.

 

  1. [1+1+2] The following bit pattern, 0xC0D was found in a 12-bit register. What is the decimal number represented if it is interpreted as: (i) unsigned binary; (ii) sign-magnitude; (iii) Two’s complement? contd. →

 

  1. [8] This exercise is about the bit-wise operators in C. Complete each function skeleton using only straight-line code (i.e., no loops, conditionals, or function calls) and limited of C arithmetic and logical C operators. Specifically, you are only allowed to use the following eight operators: ! ∼,&,ˆ|,+ <<>>. For more details on the Bit-Level Integer Coding Rules on p. 128/129 of the text. A specific problem may restrict the list further: For example, to write a function to compute the bitwise xor of x and y, only using

 

  • |, ∼ int bitXor(int x, int y) { return ((x&∼y) | (∼x & y));}

 

  1. /* copyLSbit:Set all bits of result to least significant bit of x

 

  • Example: copyLSB(5) = 0xFFFFFFFF, copyLSB(6) = 0x00000000

 

  • Legal ops: ! ∼ & ˆ | + <<>>

 

*/

 

int copyLSbit(int x) { return 2;}

 

  1. /* negate – return -x * Example: negate(1) = -1.

 

  • Legal ops:! ∼ & ˆ | + <<>> */ int negate(int x) { return 2; }

 

  1. /* isEqual – return 1 if x == y, and 0 otherwise

 

  • Examples: isEqual(5,5) = 1, isEqual(4,5) = 0

 

  • Legal ops: ! ∼ & ˆ | + <<>>

 

*/ int isEqual(int x, int y) { return 2; }

 

  1. /* twoCmax: return maximum two’s complement integer

 

Legal ops: ! ∼ & ˆ | + <<>> int

 

twoCmax(void)

 

{ return 2; }

 

 

  1. [8] Suppose we number the bytes in a w-bit word from 0 (least significant) to w/8 − 1 (most significant).

 

Write code for the following C function, which will return an unsigned value in which byte i of argument x has been replaced by byte b:

unsigned replace byte (unsigned x, int i, unsigned char b); Examples:

 

 

replacebyte(0x12345678, 2, 0xAB) → 0x12AB5678 replace byte(0x12345678, 0, 0xAB) → 0x123456AB

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