PURPOSE: To determine the rigor with which the methods were applied.
THREE PREREQUISITES FOR AN APPRAISER:
- An appreciation for the philosophical foundation of qualitative research.
- A basic knowledge of different qualitative approaches is essential.
- A degree of empathy for the participant’s perspective.
- PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Did the authors…
- Identify the problem that led to the study. Was the problem explicitly stated or described?
- Establish the significance of the study? Why should the reader care about this study? [Look for statements about human suffering, treatment costs, or the number of people affected by the problem.]
- Identify a personal connection or motivation for selecting the topic of the study? [For example, the researcher may choose to study the lived experience of a man undergoing radiation therapy for prostate cancer after the researcher’s father underwent the same treatment.] Acknowledge motives and identified personal biases.
- PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTION:
Did the authors…
- Identify the purpose of the study. Is the purpose a logical approach to addressing the problem of the study?
- List the research questions that the study was supposed to answer?
- List research questions directly related to the problem and purpose?
- Explain why a qualitative method was the best approach to answer the research question(s).
- LITERATURE REVIEW:
Did the authors…
- Cite quantitative and qualitative studies relevant to the focus of the study? What other types of literature did the authors review?
- Cite current literature? [For qualitative studies, the authors may have included studies older than the 5-year limit typically used for quantitative studies.]
- Identify the disciplines of the authors cited in the literature review section?
- Search several databases for articles?
- Evaluate or indicate the studies weaknesses or limitations?
- Include adequate synthesis of information or evidence to build a credible argument for “why” the study is needed?
- PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
Did the authors…
- Identify a specific perspective from which the study was developed?
- If a broad philosophy was used like “phenomenology” was a specific philosopher like Husserl or Heidegger identified?
- Cite a primary reference source for the philosophical foundation?
- APPROACH
Did the authors…
- Identify the stated or implied research approach used for the study?
- Provide a description of the approach used?
- Describe the methods of the study to be consistent with the research tradition?
- SAMPLE, SAMPLING AND SETTING
Did the authors…
- Identify how the study participants were selected?
- Identify the sites for participant recruitment? Did the sites for the study “fit” the sampling needs of the study?
- Identify the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study?
- Identify if the selected participants were able to provide data relevant to the study’s purpose and research questions?
- Identify how many people participated in the study? Did any refuse? Did any start and not finish?
- Describe the setting?
- DATA COLLECTION:
Did the authors…
- Identify how the data were collected in this study? What rationale did the authors provide for using this specific data collection method?
- Identify the time period in which data collection took place?
- Describe the sequence of data collection events for a participant? [For example, were data collected from a series of interviews or from a single interview?]
- Identify any changes to the methods in response to the context of early data collection?
- PROTECTION OF HUMAN STUDY PARTICIPANTS
Did the authors…
- Identify the benefits and risks of participants? Are there any risks or benefits not described?
- Adjust recruitment and/or consent techniques to accommodate the sensitivity of the subject matter or potential psychological distress of the potential participants?
- Describe data collection and management techniques in acknowledgement of participant sensitivity and vulnerability? [For example, did the authors describe having a counselor or other resource available for participants who might become upset or disturb by the study methods?]
- DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS
Did the authors…
- Describe the data management and analysis methods used in the study?
- Describe how the rigor of the process was ensured? [For example, did the authors describe maintaining a paper trail of critical decisions during an analysis of the study?]
- Describe the measures that were used to minimize or allow for the effects of researcher bias? [Researcher bias may affect data analysis. Bias means that the experiences and perspective of the researcher doing the analysis may impact the analysis and results.]
- Select a data management plan that fit the research purpose and data?
- FINDINGS
Did the authors…
- Describe the findings address the purpose of the study?
- Analyze the data sufficiently? [Findings are expected to be more than the words stated by the participants. The researcher is expected to identify themes or abstract concepts that emerge from the data.]
- Describe the interpretations of the data? Were the interpretations congruent with the data collected?
- Address variations in the findings in relation to relevant sample characteristics?
- DISCUSSION:
Did the authors…
- Describe if the findings offer new information about the target phenomenon?
- Link the findings to findings in other studies?
- Describe the clinical, policy, theoretical, and other significance of the findings?
- FORM:
As a reader…
- Were you able to hear the voice of the participants and gain an understanding of the phenomenon studies?
- Were you able to easily identify the elements of the research report?
- Were the findings presented logically?
- Did the overall presentation of the study fit its purpose, method, and findings?
- Most importantly, did this study help you to “think theoretically” or in some other way about your program of research? [Please elaborate!]
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